Clinical treatment of spinal tumors has long posed a dilemma in balancing three core objectives: complete tumor resection, maintenance of spinal stability, and preservation of neural function. Conventional open surgery is associated with multiple limitations, such as extensive surgical trauma, substantial intraoperative blood loss and prolonged postoperative recovery. Patients with spinal tumors who present poor general condition or limited life expectancy often have poor tolerance to this surgical modality. With the growing popularization of minimally invasive surgical concepts and the interdisciplinary integration of multimodal techniques, the treatment paradigm for spinal tumors has gradually evolved toward greater precision, functionality and humanization. This paper systematically reviews the current clinical applications of multiple techniques in the management of spinal tumors, including minimally invasive spinal surgery, full-spine endoscopy, unilateral biportal endoscopy, percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, percutaneous vertebroplasty and percutaneous kyphoplasty, as well as various ablation modalities such as radiofrequency, microwave, cryoablation and laser ablation. The clinical advantages and inherent limitations of the above techniques are thoroughly analyzed, with the aim of providing scientific references for clinical decision-making in the treatment of spinal tumors.

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